Essay Topics for Kafka on the Shore

Essay Topics for Kafka on the ShoreIf you have just finished your Ph.D. dissertation and want to move on to academia, one of the most challenging essays you can write is an essay on Kafka on the Shore. It is the question of the day: Why do good people behave badly, why do women get pregnant for no reason, and why do people do something so despicable as stealing a loaf of bread?In the earlier parts of Kafka's story, it is not surprising that Kafka on the Shore should be a very appealing topic. Because he is such a sick man, with a tragic flaw. There is something always wanting to crawl out of his veins and make him act so strange. (He always needs to be awakened by a piece of linen.)Even the setting of the story provides the opportunity for one to discover themselves and start anew. There is the past which recalls the past, the present, which is haunted by the ghost of the future, and the moment when everything seems to be dead and the characters in the story are facing all kinds of t orment.But then, at some point, that is when we should stop and reflect upon what is happening. At that point, we could re-examine what has made Kafka so fascinating, and we could take note of what are the good and bad sides of the entire story.The topics of the essay on Kafka on the Shore could contain much about his repeated failure to learn anything, the nature of all the data that has been created by all the people who have lived in his house, the patience of his female house guests, and the very nature of chaos. I would not be surprised if the topic included much more than the past or the present, but there is also the problem of the future.What do you do if the world ends, if, as it seems, the only good thing that could come out of it is complete chaos? Some will come up with some funny theories of how things can be organized in the proper order, while other people will attempt to organize the world into a rational order.But then, if they were to take into account John Roshman , they would take into account the point where everything becomes normal again. Only then, you can finally re-think what is happening in Kafka's story.

Essay on Alzheimer’s Disease - 1678 Words

Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive condition where the neurons degenerate in the brain, while the brain substance shrinks in volume. Alzheimer’s is also the number one cause of dementia. When it was first noticed, Alzheimer’s was thought to be a pre-senile disease, but now it is known to be responsible for seventy-five percent of the dementia cases in people over sixty-five years of age. Alzheimer’s disease usually causes several years of personal and intellectual decline until death. Because there is an increasing number of elderly citizens in the United States, research into the causes and possible cures for the disease is on the rise (1). Several theories have been made concerning factors that may cause†¦show more content†¦Also, women are thought to be at a slightly higher risk than men (4). The symptoms of the disease vary somewhat among individuals. However, there are three distinct stages that a person suffering from Alzheimer’s will experience. In the first stage, the patient experiences some problems with memory loss and will often make lists or other aids to compensate for this loss. The individual can begin to feel depressed or anxious because of the memory problems. This stage often Goes unnoticed as symptoms of Alzheimer’s (1). The second stage is marked by the change from forgetfulness to severe memory loss. Long-aGo events are often easier to recall than things that have happened within the last few days. For example, one might remember childhood events but are unable to remember what they saw on television last night or what they ate for breakfast. Disorientation in relation to time and place occurs often, along with increased anxiety and recurring mood swings. The patient also experiences dysphasia (inability in finding the right word to say), increased difficulty with math problems, and loss of direction in familiar places. Personality changes will soon become noticeable when this second stage is reached (1). Finally, the third stage is marked by severe disorientation and confusion. Usually, the worst signs of memory loss and disorientation occur at night. In thisShow MoreRelatedAlzheimers Disease945 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease is a progressive neurological disease; it often attacks the brain tissues causing memory loss of one’s identity and regular behaviors. Statistics indicates that the rate of predicted people to get Alzheimer’s will increase briskly as time goes on. There are currently no cures for such disastrous disease, but there are currently approved treatments available that can help people within the early stages of Alzheimer’s. Once the disease is too far alongRead MoreAlzheimers Disease3170 Words   |  13 PagesThe Role of Caregiving to Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease Megan Zann April 27, 2012 Health Psychology Dr. Ackerman Introduction It is normal to periodically forget your keys or a homework assignment, because you generally remember these things later. However, individuals who suffer from Alzheimer’s disease may forget things more often, but they do not remember them again. The incidence of Alzheimer’s disease has dramatically increased because people are living longer. This is a result ofRead MoreEssay on Alzheimers Disease1503 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Alzheimer’s disease is a form of dementia that gets worse over time. It leads to nerve cell death, and tissue loss throughout the brain. Over time, the brain shrinks dramatically, affecting nearly all its functions. It gradually destroys a persons memory and ability to learn and carry out daily activities such as talking, eating, and going to the bathroom† (What Is Alzheimer’s). Early symptoms include personality changes, memory impairment, problems with language, decision-making ability, judgmentRead MoreAlzheimers Dis ease Essay2414 Words   |  10 PagesAlzheimers Disease Alzheimer’s disease is the disease of the century. This disease is affecting many lives, families, and caregivers. This research presented is to help educate on the topic of Alzheimer’s disease, which many people aren’t aware enough about. Statistics are given to show how extreme this disease is, and how many people it’s affecting in society. Also statistics are presented that give the amount of money being spent relating to Alzheimer’s disease. This research explainsRead MoreAlzheimer’s Disease Essay2544 Words   |  11 PagesAlzheimer’s disease defined: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, terminal, degenerative brain disease. It is the fourth leading cause of death in adults and currently affects over four million people in the United States. This number is expected to increase over the next several years as the baby boomers age, until it reaches fourteen million by the year 2025. Alzheimer disease generally occurs in people over seventy five years of age; however it does strike people in their forties, fiftiesRead MoreEssay on Alzheimers Disease2405 Words   |  10 PagesAlzheimers Disease is a condition that affects 50% of the population over the age of eighty five, which equals four million Americans each year. It is becoming an important and high-profile issue in todays society for everyone. 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Well, I work in a nursing home with the elderly with this diseaseRead MoreAlzheimers Disease Essay2168 Words   |  9 PagesAlzheimer’s disease or AD is an incurable disorder of the brain that results in loss of normal brain structure and function. In an AD brain, normal brain tissue is slowly replaced by structures called plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The plaques represent a naturally occurring sticky protein called beta amyloid and in an Alzheimer’s brain, sufferer’s tend to accumulate too much of this protein. Neurofibrillary tangles represent collapsed tau proteins which, in a normal brain along with microtubulesRead MoreEssay on Alzheimers Disease 512 Words   |  3 Pagesmajor medical advancements like the world has never seen before, some diseases still continue t o plague the human race and confuse even some of the brightest scientists today. Unfortunately, Alzheimer Disease (AD) is one of them and it affects between 2.4 and 4.5 million people in America. Alzheimer’s is usually diagnosed in people over the age of 65, but in rarer cases people as young as 16 have it. Since it is a degenerative disease, patients develop it with few symptoms at an earlier stage, but thenRead More Alzheimer’s Disease Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease is a disease of the future. With the growing aged population, this disease, which affects primarily the elderly, will become of increasing relevance to the medical profession. Also, the high frequency of Alzheimer’s, and the high cost in labor, money, and material of caring for its victims shall put considerable burden on the society as a whole. Here, however, these issues are not going to be debated. Instead the pathology of Alzheimer’s will be reviewed

Tourism Systems Assignment of Clipper Bay-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Tourism Systems of Clipper Bay. Answer: Introduction Tourism planning and development is the vital process of setting up of a goal, selecting different methods and course of actions to attain those goals, implementing those methods and assess the choice of methods to find out if it turned out to be a success or not. Tourism is operated by owners of three categories- government, non- profit organization and private commercial enterprises (Cooper, 2013). This assignment consists of the tourism planning of Clipper Bay town. A proper planning can upgrade and improve tourism where it is necessary. Tourism planning looks after the social, political, economic, psychological, technological and anthropological factors. Planning for tourism is important as it pays attention to every single factor (Telfer Sharpley, 2015). The Clipper Bay area has a population of five thousand and they are living there from three generations. They have a potential for financial growth because of their means of livelihood which are fishing and a rich heritage and culture which are being maintained by the native people of the area. Budgets of approximate $50 million need to be used for sustainable development plans which have viability and power to upgrade the community by giving opportunities to the rising population. Tourism industry takes care of the needs, wants and comfort of the travelers, their comfort and luxury is what gets the prime importance. Overcrowding, pollution, traffic congestion are the negative physical impact s of tourism. Human impacts include losing cultural identities, disliking the tourists by local people and unawareness about the benefits of tourism. The market is affected by tourism as a result of insufficient capitalization, decreased market share and insufficient cooperative advertising among the operators (Lee, 2013). Stakeholders In tourism, the stakeholders are national and local governments, tourism enterprises, employees and training centers of tourism, travelers including business travelers and normal tourists, local people of the destination area and other people of tourism industry (Imran, Alam Beaumont, 2014). The main element in tourism planning is to encourage the participation of local people which is required for sustenance of the tourism industry. It is seen that the local communities show interest in tourism planning when the policies created meet their needs and concerns. They also want to engage themselves to ensure that their demands are satisfied. The stakeholders are referred to as the suppliers and industries, intermediaries of marketing and facilitators, public and local members, and international customers. Suppliers supply the products and services in order to meet the tourists needs. They play an important role to satisfy the demands of the customers. The marketing intermediaries consist of tourism firms, meeting planners and facilitators who help in the smooth ongoing of the tourism industry (Roy, Hall Ballantine, 2017). The stakeholders of a tourism industry consist of public and private sector, people of the local community and tourists. Public sector determines the sch eme and strategy for setting up of a standard facility and services. Private sector looks after the improvement in space, products and activities along with the profit of the company. The people of the local community provide the suitable hospitality to the tourists in order to build an image of the destination. Their culture and behavior also matters in satisfying the travelers. Taking help from the stakeholders indicates the utilization of support from the community and promotion of sustainable development vision in the area (Roy, Hall Ballantine, 2017). Examining the levels and impact of tourism in the community and implementation of sustainable development plan for tourism is important part of community organization. It is important to look after the rules, regulations, guidelines and practices for sustainable development of Tourist Company. Accepting tourism as one of the parameters of sustainable development plan is done by the host community. The responsibility of the tourists is to accept and observe the terms and conditions of the local community sustainable development plan for tourism (Chon Weber, 2014). Being the Chief Planner of Clipper Bay, the following points will be included in my plan of developing the economy of the town. CBA is the tool to analyze the benefits and cost of a decision regarding investment. Economic impact Through word of mouth or through the tourism board, tourists will visit clipper bay which will result in development of the place. The local community will also get encouraged to build more attractions and activities for pulling the tourists. Although tourism industry affects the economy of a place to a great deal, but it benefits the destination area as well as the native countries of the tourists (Wee, 2013). Tourism industry motivates a developing country to develop itself and improve financially which has both positive and negative impacts. It is sometimes seen that the already developed countries make better profits in tourism than the developing ones. When it is time for development of the growing nations, their loss is posing a threat to their development. One reason for this can be the transfer of tourism revenues from the host country and not using the local products. A large amount of income gained can leave through wages paid outside the area and purchasing of imports whic h is known as leakage. When travelers take a cruise journey where most of the facilities are offered in the ship itself, there is not much left for the local community people to provide the tourists. Developing tourism can be heavy on the local government and the taxpayers. Increase in building costs and land values also make it difficult for the local people to meet their daily basic necessity (Webster Ivanov, 2014). There is only a bleak chance for growth or promotion. The jobs do not give any extra benefits like pension, sick pay or health care. The money earned can be used more effectively for the benefit of the country rather than being directed to tourist areas. The local people who do not live in tourist areas suffer a lot. If a tourism industry in a developing town like clipper bay is owned by a foreign company, then the local business profit is very low, which is referred to as economic leakage. This is because the major profit is earned by the owner of the company. Sometimes the balance is not maintained in case of employment and profession. If the tourism industry becomes really successful, then other industries get hampered. This will make the people depend only on the tourism industry which will lead to a disaster in the off season (Yang Fik, 2014). The profit from the tourism industry also helps in generating income to be used in other sectors. This growth can invite foreign visitors and thus earn a certain amount of foreign exchange. Tax levied on tourism employment and tourism business generates direct contribution (Chon Weber, 2014). Indirect contribution is generated from tax and duties on goods and services that are provided to the tourists. A significant growth in the tourism industry has provided employment opportunities. Tourism can provide jobs in hotels, restaurants, selling souvenirs, supply of goods and services. The local government can be persuaded to make better infrastructure due to growth in the tourism industry. An improved water and sewage system, telephone connections, public transport will attract more tourists in clipper bay and will be beneficial for the local people too. This will help both the host community as well as the visitors. A better destination will provide better facility to the tourists whic h will make the life better for the local community people. Environment is a major component for the tourism industry so the revenues are used for measuring the economic worth of the protected areas. Profit is also gained indirectly through street vendors, hawkers, route guides, rickshaw pullers and auto drivers (Kim, Uysal Sirgy, 2013). Infrastructure Tourism is such an important factor of economy that its development affects the growth and progress of national economy. Infrastructure can be considered as a physical element of tourism that is designed and established as per the demand of the travelers. Infrastructure includes facilities, equipment, resources and systems that are necessary for smooth functioning of a tourist destination such as clipper bay (McKercher Koh, 2017). Some infrastructures that can be mentioned are roads, airports, railways, and other transport which makes the destination accessible for the tourists. Other factors included in infrastructure are healthcare systems, hotels, restaurants, sports facilities and public services. Tourism infrastructure is important because it increases the growth and development of tourism services, or sometimes increases the supply of tourism services and an advanced transport system makes the place easily accessible. The transport infrastructure should be well developed so th at the tourists can reach safely and comfortably to the destination. Tourists enhance the efficiency of human resources at a place as they search for certain requirements which make their stay at the destination convenient (Kim, Uysal Sirgy, 2013). The basic infrastructure which is being looked out for by the tourists is supply of water, communication, electricity and disposal of waste materials. The provision for public security, transportation, medicines, fiscal systems and literacy and other such services is known as infrastructure. Tourism infrastructure is unique in case of a long running of tourism and its progress in providing the required services to the tourists (Das Chatterjee, 2017). Figure: Management Competency Source: (Ruhanen, 2013) Tourism infrastructure is a major part of tourism supply chain. To highlight the building of this base, many nations are involved to attain a better tourism result so that it can bear a remarkable impact on the economic development. A healthy relationship should be maintained between infrastructure, tourism and the local economy. It is seen that public, private and state, all are equally accountable for the standard of infrastructure. To plan sustainable development of this infrastructure requires an overall progress and prosperity of the tourism facilities (Saufi, O'Brien Wilkins, 2014). Economic advantage and disadvantage Clipper bay is located at the foothills which is easily accessible by the travelers (Ma Hassink, 2013). A beautiful beach within the city is an added advantage for the tourists. There are also a cluster of limestone caves along the beach which is a major attraction. So clipper bay is all set with beautiful scenery which makes it the perfect tourist destination. The town has a small population that means more area is available for building hotels and restaurants for tourists. More the number of tourists in a place better the growth in tourism industry. Development of tourism industry means a potential advantage on the economic growth of the town clipper bay. Moreover the families in clipper bay are living there for multiple generations which mean they are well acquainted with their culture. Mostly the people there are involved in the profession of fishing. They are engaged in this profession generation after generation which results in the availability of tasty seafood. Tourists can get attracted to clipper bay for the seafood also (Rahardjo, 2015). The employment opportunity during tourist season earns extra incentive for the local people. Socio- cultural advantage and disadvantage Socio- cultural changes refer to the change in a persons daily life and experience, to their values, intellectual and creative products. Tourism can turn local cultures into product when the local rites and rituals turn into an amusement commodity for satisfying the tourists. Human values of a destination start changing when the place is sold for tourism. The sacred sites and rituals might be mocked of by the tourists and they might not value or respect the native ethnicity of the place. Selling of souvenirs, arts, crafts and other such products have brought a drastic change in clipper bay. The change did not come in a good way because the original products lose their identity and authenticity by changing the design to satisfy the customers choice. To keep up with the expectation of the tourists well- known fast food joints, restaurants and hotel chains are to be built in unfamiliar environment (Stylidis et al., 2014). The female population is involved in weaving. Every summer, this town marks the beginning of fishing season by hosting a festival which involves a week- long feast. The entry of tourists in a community gives employment to the local community. This is a privilege for a small town like clipper bay. Their efficiency in fishing, making seafood and weaving can earn them extra income. They can use this efficiency by selling products to the tourists in exchange of money. The money that is earned from tourism is spent on the local economy. Through multiplier effect, more the tourist exchange earned, more is the benefit for the local economy (Dredge Jamal, 2015). The commercialization of a tourist destination is undermined by the culture of that place. Since clipper bay has a rich cultural heritage, it will get reduced to wearing costumes and doing acts for the visitors to earn money from them. Even though tourism provides opportunity for employment but those are not of good standard. The jo bs mainly include working at the bar, hotels or restaurants. On the other hand, tourism brings people of different region closer to each other. This increases communal harmony and mutual understanding. This in turn reduces tension and contributes to world peace. Tourism adds to the vitality of the communities (Sigala, 2014). For example, in clipper bay the festival of welcoming the fishing season gets refreshed and re- energized in the presence of the foreign tourists. Tourism upgrades infrastructure, health and transport, new sport and recreational facilities. It also boosts the exchange of history and culture contributing to conservation and sustainable management of natural resources. Environmental advantage and disadvantage Tourism has a great impact on the natural as well as man- made environment. Both tourism and environment share a complex relationship among themselves because tourism has many such activities that can adverse impact on the environment. Construction of new infrastructure like roads, buildings and hotels can destruct the natural habitats. Pollution is caused due to smoking and use of plastic bag, which causes environmental hazards. Cutting of trees or deforestation to get more space for tourists should be avoided as it creates ecological imbalance. The changes in the environment, pollution and dirt disrupt the scenic beauty of the landscape of clipper bay. Tourism should take proper care of the environment, because if the natural and human- made beauties are lost, clipper bay will lose its visitors (Holden, 2016). Environmental protection and conservation is what it gets as a benefit from tourism. Through tourism, awareness is raised about environmental values. The money earned from tourism contributes to the protection of natural areas and increase their importance economically. The initiative to move towards eco- tourism holds a chance to improve the quality of environment. Efficient use of natural resources and implementing the practice of recycling and reusing proves to be very fruitful for the environment (Chon Weber, 2014). Conclusion The key lessons learned from this essay highlight the social, economical and environmental impact of tourism on the town Clipper bay. The city has a major profession of fishing which delivers delicious seafood to the tourists. The scenic beauty of the town and a major accessibility tends to be advantageous for the tourists. But the disadvantage includes offering low- paying jobs to the local people where there is no growth and promotion. The native culture of the town is getting ruined because of the designing of the souvenirs according to the tourists choice. References Chon, K. S., Weber, K. (2014).Convention tourism: International research and industry perspectives. Routledge. Cooper, C. (2013).Essentials of tourism. Pearson Higher Ed. Das, S. K., Chatterjee, T. (2017). Infrastructure and Tourism Development: A Panel Data Analysis. InHandbook of Research on Economic, Financial, and Industrial Impacts on Infrastructure Development(pp. 224-237). IGI Global. Dredge, D., Jamal, T. (2015). Progress in tourism planning and policy: A post-structural perspective on knowledge production.Tourism Management,51, 285-297. Holden, A. (2016).Environment and tourism. Routledge. Imran, S., Alam, K., Beaumont, N. (2014). Environmental orientations and environmental behaviour: Perceptions of protected area tourism stakeholders.Tourism management,40, 290-299. Kim, K., Uysal, M., Sirgy, M. J. (2013). How does tourism in a community impact the quality of life of community residents?.Tourism Management,36, 527-540. Lee, T. H. (2013). Influence analysis of community resident support for sustainable tourism development.Tourism management,34, 37-46. Ma, M., Hassink, R. (2013). An evolutionary perspective on tourism area development.Annals of Tourism Research,41, 89-109. Michopoulou, E., Buhalis, D. (2014). Usability requirements for accessible tourism systems.e-Review of Tourism Research (e-RTR). Rahardjo, S. (2015). My Assignment in Singapore. InThe Little Red Dot: Reflections of Foreign Ambassadors on Singapore(pp. 115-118).. Roy, H., Hall, C. M., Ballantine, P. W. (2017). Trust in local food networks: The role of trust among tourism stakeholders and their impacts in purchasing decisions.Journal of Destination Marketing Management. Ruhanen, L. (2013). Local government: facilitator or inhibitor of sustainable tourism development?.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,21(1), 80-98. Saufi, A., O'Brien, D., Wilkins, H. (2014). Inhibitors to host community participation in sustainable tourism development in developing countries.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,22(5), 801-820. Sigala, M. (2014). Customer involvement in sustainable supply chain management: A research framework and implications in tourism.Cornell Hospitality Quarterly,55(1), 76-88. Stylidis, D., Biran, A., Sit, J., Szivas, E. M. (2014). Residents' support for tourism development: The role of residents' place image and perceived tourism impacts.Tourism Management,45, 260-274. Telfer, D. J., Sharpley, R. (2015).Tourism and development in the developing world. Routledge. Webster, C., Ivanov, S. (2014). Transforming competitiveness into economic benefits: Does tourism stimulate economic growth in more competitive destinations?.Tourism Management,40, 137-140. Wee, L. (2013). Language policy in Singapore: Singlish, national development and globalization.English and development, 204-219.McKercher, B., Koh, E. (2017). Do attractions attract tourists? The case of Singapore.International Journal of Tourism Research. Yang, Y., Fik, T. (2014). Spatial effects in regional tourism growth.Annals of Tourism Research,46, 144-162.

Marketing budget Essay Example

Marketing budget Essay A marketing budget is a quantifiable target which is set by a firm and which relates to its marketing activities. It may involve a target level of sales for a particular product (a sales budget) or set out the amount a firm intends to spend to achieve its marketing objectives (an expenditure budget). The sales budgets may include targets for the absolute level of sales a firm would like to achieve, or for a desired level of market share; they may also include targets for particular regions or for particular types of customers or distribution channels. Marketing expenditure budgets, by comparison, set out the desired amount of spending on activities such as advertising, sales promotions, paying the sales force, direct mailings and market research.The size of the sales budgets is likely to depend on:* The level of sales a product has achieved in the past; a firm may extrapolate a future sales target based on past trends* The expenditure budget; a firm may set a higher sales target if i t is also intending to spend more on its marketing activities* Market conditions; actions by competitors and the state of the economy, may affect the firms expected level of sales* Objectives and strategy; the target level of sales for a niche product is obviously likely to be lower than it is for a mass market product.The size of the marketing expenditure budget will depend on* The firms overall financial position. The amount of money allocated to a particular function such as marketing will inevitably depend on what it has available to spend in total. In a successful year it is easier to have a bigger budget than in an unsuccessful year. On this basis the marketing budget is likely to be lower when sales are lower and bigger when they are higher. This is often what actually happens within organisations although in many ways this is not a particularly sensible way to budget. In unsuccessful years the budget should arguably be higher (not lower) in order to improve the firms sales, assuming of course that the firm can raise the funds needed to finance this. Unfortunately, though, the size of the budget does not just depend on what the firm would like it to be it must depend on what the firm actually has available or what funds it can raise; as a result the budget may be lower at precisely the time when managers would like to increase it* The firms marketing objectives and strategy. The amount of money allocated for marketing activities should clearly depend on what the firm is trying to achieve and the returns it expects to gain from its plans. When first launching a product, for example, the promotional budget is likely to be higher than it is for a more established product. Similarly when first entering a new segment, spending on market research may be higher than in a normal year.* The amount the firm expects to receive back is also of critical importance: a firm is likely to be prepared to spend more marketing a project with a high rate of return than on one which has a low expected rate of return* Competitors. A firms budget is very likely to be affected by the amount its competitors are spending. If its competitors increase their spending on product development or promotion, for example, a firm may feel it necessary to increase its own expenditure to maintain its competitive position.Of course just because a firm has a large marketing budget does not mean that its marketing is necessarily more effective; the effectiveness of marketing activities will depend in part on the funds available but it will also depend on whether the right activities have been chosen in the first place and how effectively they are being implemented.Setting the marketing budgetThe marketing budget should be set in consultation with those who will be responsible for undertaking the activities it involves. The amount of money to be spent on marketing overall, for example, should be agreed with the marketing manager. Given that the marketing manager is the pe rson who will be held accountable if the budget is not hit he or she would obviously be involved in deciding what the figure should be.By involving the people who will actually have to achieve these financial targets the firm is more likely to gain their commitment. If instead people are simply told that they have to achieve certain targets without any prior discussion they are unlikely to feel much ownership of the budgets and as a result are unlikely to be committed to them. They may resent the fact they have not been involved in the process of setting the targets and consequently they may not be motivated to achieve them.Furthermore the process of discussing the targets may well highlight important issues which the superiors need to be aware of; the people who implement the policies are the ones who are most likely to know what is and what is not feasible and it therefore makes sense to make use of their expertise.However, it is important not to get involved with prolonged negoti ations over the size of a budget if this delays decision making for too long. The process of budget setting can at times be quite slow and it is important to make sure it does not prevent managers from getting on with the job in hand.Also superiors must be aware that subordinates may well try to set targets which suit themselves rather than the organisation. It is perfectly natural, for example, for people to exaggerate the likely costs of a project to make sure that they will be able to stay within their expenditure budgets. Similarly employees may set relatively low sales targets to make sure they are easy to hit.It is also important for managers to consider the size of the marketing budget in the context of the overall spending and income of the firm. Resources diverted towards marketing are clearly not available for use elsewhere and so there is an opportunity cost which should be taken into account. As well as the overall size of the budget managers must also consider the timin g of the payments and earnings inA sales forecast may be produced in a number of ways in relation to the firms overall cashflow position. A major marketing campaign, for example, may involve very heavy expenditure and managers must ensure this does not lead to liquidity problems.Sales forecastingA key element of a marketing plan is the sales forecast. This sets out targets for overall sales and for particular products and services. A sales forecast acts as a goal against which a firm can measure its progress. It also drives many other decisions within the firm. For example* The production schedule will have to be closely linked to the sales forecasts to ensure the firm has the appropriate mix and number of products at the right time* The sales forecast will also influence the cash flow forecast; only by knowing what sales are expected to occur can the finance department estimate cash inflows. Having compared the expected inflows with expected cash outflows the finance function can t hen decide if particular steps need to be taken such as arranging overdraft or loan facilities* Human resource decisions will also depend on the expected level of sales. Decisions about staffing levels and the allocation of staff to particular duties will inevitably be determined by the expected sales levels. Strong sales growth may require more recruitment, for example.Producing a sales forecast* It may be based on backdata (i.e. data from the past). The firm may look at sales levels in previous years, identify an underlying trend and extrapolate from this. A holiday company experiencing a fall in the number of enquiries in a particular month compared to past years may change its sales forecast downwards. This technique is useful, provided the trends identified in the past continue into the future. If, in fact, there has been a major shift in buying patterns (egg the timing of buying has changed) extrapolation could be misleading.* The firm may use market research to try to identif y likely future trends. The value of this research depends on whether it is primary or secondary and the quality of the information. If a small sample is used, for example, the forecast is less likely to be accurate than if a larger sample had been used.* It may be based on the firms best guess. Managers could use their own experience or hire industry experts for their opinion of what is most likely to happen. This approach to forecasting is common if the rate of change in the market is great or if the firm is facing a new scenario and does not have past data to build on.The method of forecasting used by a firm will depend on the nature of the product and the market situation. When the National Lottery was launched in the UK, for example, Camelot (the organiser of the lottery) could have forecast sales by looking at existing national lottery systems in other countries and adjusting these data to take account of the differences in culture and the precise nature of the system in the U K. Camelot might also have used secondary research to identify gambling trends within the UK and primary research to identify customers likely reaction to the lottery scheme. However, although the company probably used very sophisticated research techniques it is likely there was also an element of hunch in there too. After all, it was a completely new product within the UK and so there were no past data within this country to build on. Obviously once the lottery had been up and running for a few months the organisers were able to make better predictions of expected weekly sales because they were accumulating backdata and gaining a better insight into the market.Test marketingTo help predict its future sales a firm may decide to try out a product or service in a test market. A test market is a representative selection of consumers which the firm uses to try out a new product. Having seen the results in the test market the firm can estimate how the product might sell elsewhere and pr oduct a sales forecast. By using a test market the firm can see customers reactions before committing to a full-scale launch. If necessary, changes can still be made before the product is widely available. Many film companies, for example, show their films to a test audience before they go on general release to assess the publics reaction.The disadvantage of using test marketing is that competitors have an opportunity to see what you are planning to launch. This gives them time to develop a similar product and race you to launch first on a wide scale.A test market may also give misleading results. This might be because the test market chosen is not representative or because competitors actions lead to misleading results. For example, rivals might increase their promotional activities in the test market to reduce a firms sales and lead it to believe that the new product will not do well.Why might forecasts be wrong?Forecasts can only be predictions of the future. They may well be wro ng because:* Customer-buying behaviour changes suddenly, e.g. customers suddenly decide a product is unsafe or unfashionable* The original market research was poor. This may be because the sample was too small or was unrepresentative. Alternatively it may be because the results were wrongly interpreted; this could be because the firm was in a rush to launch the product. In some cases the research may actually have been ignored managers may have been certain that they knew best and gone ahead with the decision regardless of the findings of market research* The experts were wrong; even the best-informed people can misread a situation and make mistakes just look at the predictions of so-called experts before any horse race or football match or look at the many different and often conflicting forecasts of growth in the economy that are often published in the papers.Inevitably a firms external and internal conditions are likely to change and this can make it extremely difficult to esti mate future sales. However, this does not necessarily make forecasting a useless management tool. The simple process of forecasting makes managers think ahead and plan for different scenarios. This may help to ensure they are much better prepared for change than if they did not forecast at all.Also even though a forecast may not be exactly accurate it may give an indication of the direction in which sales are moving and some sense of the magnitude of future sales which can help a firms planning. Ultimately it may not matter much whether sales are 2,000,002 units or 2,000,020 units but it makes a big difference whether they are 2m or 4m in terms of staffing, finance and production levels i.e. provided the forecast is approximately right it can still be very useful even if it is not exactly correct.It is also important to remember that sales forecasts can be updated. A firm does not have to make a forecast and leave it there. As conditions change and new information feeds in, the mana gers can update the forecast and adjust accordingly.The reliability of forecastsForecasts are most likely to be correct when* A trend has been extrapolated and the market conditions have continued as before* A test market is used and is truly representative of the target population* The forecast is made by experts (such as your own salesforces) and they have good insight into the market and future trends.* The firm is forecasting for the near future. It is usually easier to estimate what sales will be next week compared to estimating sales in five years time

Environmental Science Final Essay Example

Environmental Science Final Essay Example Environmental Science Final Paper Environmental Science Final Paper In general, natural resources ________. should be used efficiently and conserved Microbes in our digestive tract that help us digest food demonstrate a(n) ________ association. symbiotic Coal, oil, and natural gas are ________. symbiotic Which of the following is true about top predators They are likely to be keystone species. A climax community always remains in place until a disturbance restarts succession Which of the following is true? Species on Earth today are but a fraction of all species that ever lived. Sustainable development ________. means consuming resources without compromising future availability ________ believe that within a market economy, economic sustainability is achieved through reduction of growth and by more efficient resource use. Environmental economists A small section of prairie grasses, over a year, produces enough biomass to feed insects, mice, rabbits, birds, deer, antelope, and a host of decomposers. The amount of food potentially available to the herbivores is the ________. net primary production A hypothesis is ________. a testable proposition that explains an observed phenomenon or answers a question The origin of all nitrogen in biological tissues is ________. atmospheric N2 gas A system receiving inputs and producing outputs without undergoing any changes in size or function is said to be in ________. dynamic equilibrium The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a(n) ________. transform plate boundary Ecology is ________. the study of organisms and their interactions with each other and with the environment Zebra mussels ________. are an invasive exotic species that clogs water intake pipes at factories, power plants, and wastewater treatment facilities ________ are the primary water?insoluble components of cell membranes. Lipids Taiga and tundra both ________. have comparatively low temperatures throughout the year Macronutrients ________. are required in large amounts for organisms to survive River water held behind a dam is best described as a form of ________. potential energy Type of rock formed when magma or lava cools ________. igneous The functional role of a species in its community is its ________. distribution Skin, hair, muscles, and enzymes are classified as ________. proteins Which of the following describes mass wasting? downslope movement of soil and rock due to gravity If domestic fuel prices rise to $5 per gallon, conservation will increase, alternative fuels will be developed, and energy efficiency and our quality of life will improve. This philosophy is consistent with ________ economics. environmental The scientific process and knowledge is based on ________. testing hypotheses that are built on observations ________ are typical primary consumers in a temperature deciduous forest. Deer Ecosystem services include ________. pollination of crop plants ________ is best defined as the study of how we decide to use scarce resources in the face of demand. economics A coyote, which can alter its food intake to match seasonal abundance of plants, fruits, or small animals, is considered to be ________. a generalist, able to be flexible Detritivores include ________. millipedes, soil insects, many ants Unregulated populations tend to increase by ________. exponential growth Rock that has undergone heat or pressure that causes it to change form is called ________. metamorphic An example of greenwashing is ________. creating the illusion of green or sustainable practices Endemic species ________. are found only in one place on the planet Grazing animals such as deer are ________. primary consumers or herbivores Ecotones are the ________. transitional zones between ecosystems A paradigm ________. is a means of evaluating scientific hypotheses The fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies are the premises of ________. environmental justice Which of the following would be most vulnerable to extinction? an orchid endemic to a forest where logging is occurring A population is a (the) ________. group of individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area Which of the following is accurate? when we damage ecosystems we lose both biodiversity and valuable ecosystem services Geothermal energy, wind and solar radiation are all examples of ________. renewable environmental factors Extinction is ________. a natural process ________ is best defined as the knowledge, beliefs, values, and learned ways of life shared by a group of people. culture Aquifers are ________. underground water reservoirs The eutrophication that has taken place in the Gulf of Mexico and other locations appears to be due to ________. excess nutrients from fertilizers Age pyramids, used to show the age structure of a population, generally ________. indicate the relative numbers (frequency, or percentage) of individuals in each age class The force driving plate tectonics is ________. heat in the deepest layers of the earth An example of a density-independent factor would be ________. cold weather causing the lake to freeze The biosphere consists of the ________. sum of all the planets living organisms and the abiotic portions of the environment Paleontologists and ecologists agree that ________. 99% of all species that have ever existed are now extinct The human population is approximately ________. 6.9 billion Worldwide, the fastest growing cities today are mostly ________. cities in developing nations, including Cairo, Egypt, and Mumbai (Bombay), India Deforestation ________. has the greatest impacts in tropical areas and arid regions Forests reach their greatest ecological complexity when ________. they are mature and exhibit a multi-level canopy Organic farming ________. has increased in the United States, Canada and Europe in recent years Any consideration of the true costs of sprawl must include ________. increased use of fossil fuels Not surprisingly, the nation with the highest rate of contraceptive use (90%) is ________. Australia The first national park was ________. Yellowstone The buildup of salts in soils as a result of overirrigation is ________. salinization The loss of more than 10% productivity in arid areas due to erosion, soil compaction, forest removal, and an array of other factors is called ________. desertification Bullfrog tadpoles are often sold as fish bait, even in areas where they do not occur naturally. When people buy 10 of them and dont use them all, they often dump the remainder into the lake or river. This is an example of ________. introduced species Monoculture ________. is an agricultural practice of growing large stands of a single species According to the IPAT model, technology that enhances our acquisition of minerals, fossil fuels, timber, and ocean fish ________. increases environmental impact During most of our species 160,000-year existence, and until about 10,000 years ago, we depended on ________. hunting and gathering The breakdown of large rocks into smaller pieces is ________. affected by rainfall, freezing and thawing ________ is the worlds most populous nation, home to ________ of the people living on Earth. China; one-fifth A population which is not growing will have a TFR of ________. 2.1 In general, successfully introduced species experience ________. increased competition from other organisms The practice of planting large areas with a single type of crop, monoculture ________. is a development of industrial agriculture Ecosystem-based timber harvesting uses methods that ________. leave seed-producing or mature trees uncut to provide for future forests Relative to agriculture, insects are usually ________. essential pollinators and predators for sustainable systems Agricultural practices, where the members of a farming family produce only enough food for themselves and do not make use of large-scale irrigation, chemical fertilizer, or machinery and technology, is called ________. subsistence agriculture Researchers have demonstrated that organic farming ________. decreased organic soil losses while giving yields comparable to conventional farming Americas age?structure diagram ________. reflects a population with a high growth rate ________ are best defined as substances that cause birth defects. Teratogens What drives the move to the suburbs from cities? desire to live in less stressful, more peaceful park-like conditions Clear-cutting ________. removes all trees from an area Leaching ________. removes water soluble nutrients from soil ________ are best defined as substances that cause cancer. Carcinogens The new urbanism tries to ________. develop walkable communities, with homes and businesses close together A country with ________ is not expected to grow quickly in the near future. high female literacy It is more energetically efficient for us to to eat more ________. plant-based foods Over the past 50 years, most U.S. citizens who could afford to do so ________. left the cities for the suburbs Toxicants that cause harm by affecting the immune system include ________. allergens The ecological footprint of a large city is ________ than/as the surrounding rural area. slightly higher Why do developing nations impose few or no restrictions on logging? They are desperate for economic development. Raising ________ requires the most land and water. beef cattle The O horizon is ________. primarily composed of organic materials A species of lizard has gone extinct. This could be due to any of the following reasons except ________. increased genetic diversity within the species Controlled burns would be used in forests ________. that are subject to severe wild fires to remove fuel load and stimulate new growth The greatest diversity (numbers of different species) of organisms can be found in ________. insects The effect of toxicants on fetuses and young children ________. is greater because of their developmental immaturity, rapid growth and smaller biomass Biodiversity enhances human food security because it ________. is a potential source of new food items or new genetic varieties of existing foods The worlds urban populations are ________. growing faster than the population as a whole Which of the following is a method that governments use to improve urban transportation? Designate carpool lanes and carpool parking spots in many public places. The worldwide drop in sperm counts among men has been attributed to ________. endocrine disruptors The consequences of overfertilization can include ________. eutrophication in nearby waters Some indoor chemical hazard(s) are ________. Radon and asbestos Carcinogens may be difficult to identify because ________. there is a long lag time between exposure to the agent and disease The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ________. is an international panel that reports on how climate change influences biomes and economies Xeriscaping can save water by ________. planting native or drought-resistant plants with little or no water requirements El Nino and La Nina ________. produce changes of opposite direction in global temperature and precipitation patterns In the wake of the U.S. failure to ratify the Kyoto Protocol ________. cities and states are setting their own programs for reducing greenhouse gas emissions Seasons are a result of ________. differences in the amount and intensity of sunlight brought about by the tilt of Earths axis About 80% of the oceans water exists in the ________. deep zone Milankovitch cycles ________. are changes in Earths rotation and orbit around the sun that may trigger climate variation The most obvious cause of industrial smog is ________. burning fossil fuels The area that underlies the shallow water bordering continents is called the ________. continental shelf An artesian aquifer occurs when ________. a water?bearing layer is trapped between two layers that are less permeable Tropospheric ozone ________. is produced through the interaction of heat and UV light, with nitrogen oxides and carbon-containing compounds Approximately ________% of the typical American city is devoted to use by cars. usually be used from sinks for irrigation and watering lawns As of 2010, the saga of the Colorado Rivers water resource allocation is being complicated by ________. several years of drought coupled with the rapid growth of Las Vegas Overpumping groundwater in coastal areas can cause ________ to move into aquifers, making the water undrinkable. salt water The Coriolis effect contributes to ________. global wind patterns The Kyoto Protocol ________. was intended to reduce emissions of six greenhouse gases to levels lower than those of 1990 Lead enters the atmosphere as a particulate pollutant. This is a problem because it ________. causes central nervous system damage in humans Photochemical smog differs from industrial smog in that it ________. is formed only in the presence of sunlight As water warms, it ________. expands Precipitation that falls on Earths surface ________. may take a variety of pathways through surface water or groundwater flow A recent study has revealed that chlorinated hydrocarbons, gasoline and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have become significant pollutants in ________ from ________. ground water / leaking storage tanks One of the problems that occurs as a consequence of CFC pollution is ________. increasing skin cancer in humans Marine reserves ________. are no?take areas in the oceans Which of the following best describes floodplains? a region of land that is periodically flooded when a river overflows Today, _______ has the worst acid deposition problem, primarily because of _______. China / coal-fired electrical and industrial plants _______% of U.S.citizens live in coastal counties, thus vulnerable to rises in sea level. 53% Carbon dioxide is ________. the main anthropogenic greenhouse gas produced in the United States One-fifth of Earths total freshwater supply is in ________. groundwater Radon ________. may cause lung cancer when inhaled The rapid melting of Greenlands ice cap could disrupt the NADW formation by ________. adding huge amounts of less dense fresh water to the surface of the system Ocean water is saltiest ________. where there is high evaporation and low precipitation The largest portion of atmospheric gases is ________. nitrogen You want to maintain a healthy pond at your school site. Last year another pond became eutrophic; to avoid that, you want to ________. avoid increasing phosphorus runoff into the limnetic zone Kelp are ________. large algae that protect shorelines from erosion, and supply shelter and food for invertebrates and fish Which one of the following is not yet regulated by the EPA? carbon dioxide Most present?day fisheries managers ________. wish to set aside areas of ocean where systems can function without human interference. Keelings reports from Mauna Loa demonstrated ________. an increase in tropospheric CO2 from the 1950s to present The exceptionally strong warming of the eastern Pacific is referred to as ________. El Nino The relative humidity is the ________. amount of water vapor in the atmosphere Natural sources of air pollution come from ________. soil dust and volcanic dust You have been hired by a rapidly growing small city to improve the air quality, which has deteriorated in the past 10 years. Your first suggestion is to ________. improve transportation options, including carpool lanes, buses, and light rail Hydroelectric power generation ________. is an alternative to fossil fuels that produces fewer greenhouse gases We build dams to ________. generate electricity, prevent flooding and provide irrigation Currently, the greatest ecological crisis facing marine food webs is ________. overharvesting Of the following greenhouse gases, ________ concentrations have increased the most since 1750. methane Sinkholes result from ________. overconsumption of water from aquifers weakening the substrate Carbon monoxide ________. blocks oxygen transport in human blood Bathymetry is best defined as the study of ________. ocean depths The greenhouse effect involves warming of Earths surface and the ________. troposphere

Asian American Observer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Asian American Observer - Essay Example After reading the Asian America Observer (2012), a reader will get the impression that gender inequality is a pressing issue in Asian American culture. The newspaper features many articles about women and gender issues and this shows that they are most prevalent in the Asian American community. Apparently, women have it tough in acquiring descent job opportunities because of gender privileges. These privileges offer men more opportunities than it tends to for women. Asian American Observer has provided a good understanding of the social issues in Asian American culture as well as the current events that affect Asian Americans. The observer has included several publications that show the community has more social issues relating to gender and women than any other culture. This is seen as a good effort in creating awareness about this community as individuals will understand the culture better therefore make great contributions in bringing about change (Asian America Observer, 2012). A sense of racial solidarity has been noted in the Asian culture since they have a family orientation in the Asian American community. This matter however does not hide the fact that social issues regarding gender and women are prevalent in Asian American culture. ... Men are also more likely to get well paying jobs in high civil positions. There is a stereotype in the Asian American culture where men are believed to be more productive than women. Men will therefore receive more challenging responsibilities compared to women in the work environment. The observer has shown how gender privileges put women at a huge disadvantage as they are left to compete for the degrading and poor paying jobs (Asian America Observer, 2012). They tend to suffer as they are forced to labour under poor conditions. It has also been noticed that men are more likely to benefit from programmes developed for employees in the work environment compared to women. This shows there is limited access of women to training as well as preparation for other opportunities in the place of work. The event had an aim of raising Asian American cultural sensitivity to ensure women are not sidelined at work and should benefit from opportunities that arise in the work place as much as men d o. It is believed that gender equality will offer opportunities to both men and women therefore make better contribution towards team effort. The current event aimed at moving towards the development of Asian America as a community. It stated clear goals and objectives that would contribute in empowering members of the community, especially women. It had been noted that Asian Americans from Philippines, China, Korea and Japan used to work in farm plantations as most of them lacked formal education. The event had an aim of bringing together all Asian Americans so that they can educate individuals who are in the community as well as outside to make Asian Americans realize the real meaning of their culture. This would help

Biomedical scences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Biomedical scences - Essay Example D is inherited as the Mendelian dominant trait while d is inherited as the recessive trait. The RBCs which bear the D and Dd isotypes are referred to as Rh+ individuals and persons having the d isotype are referred to as Rh- individuals. Almost all of the Rh+ people have the D isotype and similarly the Rh- individuals have the d isotype. When the Rh+ blood is transfused to an Rh- person then anti-Rh factor will develop in the patient’s blood within 12 days. If there is a second transfusion of the same blood (Rh+ blood) to that person then cross reaction with Rh factor and anti-Rh factor will cause agglutination reactions leading to hemolytic diseases of adults and newborn. If the mother is rhesus negative and the fetus is rhesus positive (the RBC contains Rhesus antigen inherited from a rhesus positive father), then antibodies will be formed against the rhesus antigen (in the fetus) and will cross the placenta and enter the mother’s blood. In the first pregnancy there w ill be no issues but during the second pregnancy these antibodies will cross the placenta and cross react with the Rhesus antigens of the fetus carried during the second pregnancy and cause agglutination reactions. This will cause erythroblastosis fetalis leading to hemolytic anemia and sometimes deposition of unconjugated bilirubin (derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin from the lysis of RBC’s) in the basal ganglia leading to neural deficits (Chatterjee, 2004). 2. All the six Rh agglutinogens namely the C, c, D, d, E and e are involved in the hemolytic reactions and are of the delayed type. Although routine blood group tests has eliminated the risk of compatibility of RhD isotype but the other isotypes may lead to sensitization in cases of diseases like sickle cell anemia. This disease is prevalent in blacks who express the E antigen and hence produce the anti-E agglutinins which lead to difficulties of donor selection in them for transfusion purposes as in sickle